Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Hipaa Case Study Free Essays

HIPAA Case Study Rasmussen College Author Note This research is being submitted on November 18, 2012 for Lashonda Crockett H340/HSA3422 Section 03 Regulation and Compliance in Health Care. How does HIPAA serve to protect patient rights? Answer in general terms, but then apply the question to the case study. (Who is HIPAA serving here in terms of patient rights? Explain. We will write a custom essay sample on Hipaa Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Should HIPAA be applied here at all? Why or why not? ) HIPAA is in place to protect patients and all their medical information. This was a direct violation. If they would not have mentioned names, ages or other identifying factors except for the issue at hand they would not be in violation. Since they spoke of names and other identifiers in a place where they can be overheard, the people who were referred to her for help can easily be searched and found and then be ridiculed for the issues at hand. What areas of HIPAA compliance impact the employer? This employer that employees these workers can be sued. If anyone had wanted to confront the people they spoke about, it could be a way for these individuals could lose their jobs, housing or worse. They can be charge with slander as well. This is just a horrible situation for the employer since they could have criminal charges they would have to fire these workers. Then those workers would have a hard time find another job. What actions should the ICMHA director take about the alleged HIPAA violation in the case? This would definitely be an issue of considering these employees work history to see if this has happened before. Even though the work load is heavy due to losing an employee, I would have to look into suspending these workers and do a check into their work history. There would be talks with this family and grandmother who overheard them. It would possibly come down to sending them to another place for help and paying for them to get that help. There would also be an audit should be done on the department to see if this is happening with anyone else as well as have an employee meeting to state how a new internal regulation on this matter has been made and if this does happen by anyone that termination will happen immediately. How to cite Hipaa Case Study, Free Case study samples

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

The Problem And Its Background free essay sample

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction The mission of the academic library is to contribute to the goals of the college or university of which it is a part to the wider scholarly community. These goals pertain to teaching, learning, research and public service in some combination. The enduring traditional and widely accepted function of the academic library is to provide bibliographical and physical access to books and the information sources required to support the diverse missions of our various academic and research institution. The primary characteristics of a good library are its identification with the institution. The measure of excellence is the extent to which its resources, services and facilities support the institutions mission and objectives. The library in the tertiary level institution is designed as: (1) a teaching component; (2) a stimulus to independent intellectual development; and (3) as essential resource to well-rounded liberal education. The library shall be regarded as a vital academic resource of the institution and as such its organizational structure. Academic libraries, whether private or public, have been considered as essential part of advanced learning. Its fundamental role is educational. It should not be operated on as a mere storehouse of books attached to a reading room, but as a dynamic instrument of education. It plays a very vital role in the life of a nation. It feeds the intellect of students, faculty, researchers, scholars, and casual readers and also those who enter its place to partake fully its intellectual and cultural fare. In line with goals of the institution the academic library is an important intellectual resource of the academic community, needs of its patrons or readers by providing as adequate, well-selected and well-organized collection supporting its courses and programs offered and adequate facilities. Background of the Study(profile of the company, location, history) Statement of the problem 1. What are the common problems encountered with the existing manual system of the library. 2. What are the possible solutions to the problems encountered with the current system? 3. What is the difference between the manual system and the proposed system? 4. What are the levels of the proposed system in terms of: a. Functionality b. Usability c. Reliability d. Maintainability e. Efficiency f. Portability The students encountered slow processing of transaction in borrowing, every library users who goes inside the library needs to show the library card and sign in to a log book for verification. The users of the library must need to show their library card, log in to the log book, searching of the need book, go to the librarian to confirm his/her library card, inform for the said book to be borrowed and fill up the book card then the borrower might submit his/her library card together with the book card. Besides, it’s not the only work or job of the librarian, so by the manual procedure it may take so much time to finish all the task of the librarian. So meaning, there’s an instance that the librarian cannot control the number of the users. And sometimes, there are students of Saint Rita College telling them that his/her library card was lost, together with the people who want to borrow or return books, some library users that needed to get their overdue slip that causes blockage in the library. In the end of the day the librarian must have an overtime to work, to generate her report and double check all the transactions to be done. Another is the librarian encountered difficulty in monitoring and tracking of records, librarians cannot easily determined the status of the book whether it is available or not. There is no log form stating that the book was already returned. Additional to that, Inventory of books are not being done correctly in manual operation and some of the books have the same accession number resulting to recounting of books manually in the book shelves. Records of Discharged books are not tracked sometimes, librarian still looks for it on the shelves not knowing that it already in the binding section for repair or it is already weep-out. Also is the slow generation of reports. The chief librarian will compile all the reports given to her monthly and will start to generate the whole annual report. Once the monthly reports are not being done and passed on time to the chief librarian, the results of the annual report will not be accurate due to incompleteness. If the monthly reports are late, the generation of the annual report will also be late. Overdue reports are posted in the bulletin board to inform the borrowers including students and faculty members about their liabilities. However, there are some borrowers like students were able to get clearance and honourable dismissal without paying the overdue fine due to slow generation of monthly report. Additional to that, some faculty members that are already resigned were not also able to settle their overdue fine. All of the books which are not replaced will be paid and shouldered by the librarians. Lastly, the Cataloguing System is not dependable. The library user, instead using the cataloguing system, just look and search manually on the books located on the shelves or ask for the assistance of librarian and write it on the call slip, for a reason that there is no cataloguing system. Objectives of the Study General Objective The aim of the study is to create an â€Å"Automated Library System for Saint Rita College with Bar Coding† that will enable a better flow of transactions. The system may be more functional and user-friendly to the users of the library and may provide accurate services. Specific Objectives 1. To create a cataloguing module that will help to have a faster and accurate searching of books in the library. 2. To create an acquisition module that will enable to edit and update the database of system. 3. To have a more accurate and faster generation of reports. 4. To create a bar coded module and printable receipts for faster transactions. 5. To improve the current assessment system and to deal into more efficient way. 6. To create system that will have adequate records of borrowed and returned books. Significance of the Study Accuracy, efficiency and effectiveness are necessary for a modern institution. Automation of the system would improve the workflow of any organization. Occurrences of errors caused by the manual operation would be minimal with the automated system. Aspects such as this are given more attention due to the importance of modernization and organization of files. The developed study’s implementation would benefit the following: Academic Institutions – This will serve as an evidence of continuous development of the whole institution and edge to other institutions. This study will help the institution to achieve its main vision in global competitiveness. Library Administration – It will help in a more systematic and faster transaction and generation assignment to their employee that will lessen their workload because of its features. Students – It will help them to request books, and borrow books conveniently. It will also help them to be informed of whether the books are available or not in a faster manner. Scope and Limitation The study is designed for managing various activities of â€Å"Saint Rita College Library†. Since library has a very large number of books and a large number of members, it is impossible for librarian to manage day to day activities. It covers the problem experienced by librarians and the library user on their system. In this study, the researchers would design an automated library system that would help in the improvement of the flow of transactions in the library. Moreover, through this study, their system would be more efficient and more convenient, more reliable, more accurate for the librarians and its user. This study is limited only with the problems with flow of transaction in the library like registration of students, searching in OPAC, circulation, cataloguing, acquisition, bar coded module and generating of receipts and reports. It is not responsible to provide solutions that deal with physical appearances of the library. The student will access only the borrowing and searching part of system, while the librarian can access only the circulation of the system and the chief librarian and technical librarian who can access the whole system.

Tuesday, March 31, 2020

Pacific Brands Case Study Analysis

Pacific Brands is an Australian company that manufacturers home appliances and uniforms for fire fighters. The company has experienced problems if managing its employees and staying afloat in the hard economic times. In addition, the company has decided to retire off its workers to cut on costs and reduce its spending in order to survive.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Pacific Brands Case Study Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other companies, including some rivals, have shifted their operations to china and are doing well against the problems in the economy at the time. The other problem with the company is that it is not able to balance the salaries among its employees. While the government has tried to bail out the company from crisis, the company management decided to lay off workers and at the same time increase the earnings of its management team. It appears wrong for the company managers to do this, taking in to consideration that the company is on the verge of collapse. The other problem with the company is that it is not able to adapt to the difficult times like other companies in the region. Several other Australian companies are said to have shifted their operations to China after it became impossible for them to operate in Australia. The public image of the company is tainted since even the government was not in support of the actions of the company management of retiring off the workers while there was a better action that could have been taken. Although the relocation of operations is not a new practice in Australia, it is not ethical to follow the actions of other companies considering the fact that a pacific brand has employed many people in Australia. Management Problems The case of pacific brands is a difficult one. The company management insists on moving its operations to china in an emergency move to protect itself against the deteriorating marketing situ ation in Australia. The shift of operations is because China has cheaper labour and has a better overall access to raw materials.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the company has not considered its priorities while it chose to move its operations to china. Although Pacific Brands claims to be flexible, it is proved otherwise by a keen examination of its decisions to move its operations to china. The company has not explored less radical idea of shifting its production to other types of goods, which are selling at a good price for the sake of its workers and its market in Australia. In addition, the management has hurt the public image when some personalities and the government come out in criticism of the company’s actions (Oshri, 2011, p.75). An overall assessment of the company’s actions shows that its management is incapable of making good decis ions on the behalf of its workers and the company as a whole. The decisions that have been taken by the company at the moment seem to be against the interest of many people who are important in the light of the company’s popularity in Australia (Oshri 2011, p.81). The actions that the company has opted to institute as a solution to the problems it faces are not in the interest of the community and the company employees (Schermerhorn 2011, p.85). The said actions are an emulation of the actions that companies took in the eighteenth century. It is not logical to compare situations and circumstances of companies from the eighteenth century with the situation of the company in Australia in the twenty first century. It can be understood that the company is facing a situation of total collapse if it fails to take action on the current problems in its marketing (Gospel Pendleton 2005, p.120). The management has contradicted itself in its commitment to survival of the company. The f acts are that the company is making profit, and that it has better options. In addition, the manufacturer has received support from the government to help the company to stay afloat in the economic situation of the time The other problem that the company has is the inability to speculate the future trend of the market and the labour. Currently, the problems that the company faces are due to global economic crisis. An earlier detection of the impending problems in the company’s operations could have helped the company salvage the situation in a better way.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Pacific Brands Case Study Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is supported by the fact that the company has decided to move its operations to china when it is already too late. The time that it would take for the company to shift from Australia to China, and the cost of the actions does not seem logical dep ending on the nature of the problem at hand (Oshri et al 2009, p.52). Another problem in the company’s operations is the lack of an alternative product to market during low economic times. The company’s production lines seem fixated on selling the same goods it had been producing when it was performing better. Possible Solutions If Pacific Brands wished to control the rise of prices of its products in the market, it should have considered other means. One of the tactics that would have been useful in solving the problems that the company faces now is cutting down on its spending. It is noted that the workers are not complaining on the current pay of the general labour population. However, the company has decided to increase the pay of its management while ignoring the plight of the bigger worker population. It is absurd decision to increase any of the company employee’s salaries when the company faces closure due to financial insolvency (Schermerhorn 2011, p.89) . The management team including the president of the company is a part of the labour force that the company pays to maintain operations. However, the management has decided to ignore this fact and go on to exempt them by increasing their salaries at this time. Instead of a complete shift of operations to other countries, the company should have considered selling some of its assets to a willing foreign company to increase its capital base (Hopkins 2010, p.46). In addition, the company should have considered shifting its production to other goods since the products it was offering at that time were already being offered in the country at a cheaper price. Justification Pacific Brands is in dire crises now. Its experienced labour and its factories are at the risk of being permanently lost in the temporary economic depression. The company ought not to have decided to move its operations since it still has other options.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shifting line of production and reducing spending and overheads is one of the solutions that would have helped the company survive hard times. Moreover, the negative publicity associated with the company’s action is not worth risking, considering that its major market is in Australia. References Gospel, H. F., Pendleton, A 2005, Corporate governance and labour management: an international comparison, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Hopkins, T 2010, Selling in tough times: secrets to selling when no one is buying, Business Plus, New York. Oshri, I., Kotlarsky, J., Willcocks, L 2009, The handbook of global outsourcing and offshoring, New York Publishers, Basingstoke, Hampshire. Oshri, I 2011, Offshoring strategies: evolving captive center models, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. Schermerhorn, J. R 2011, Management foundations and applications, John Wiley, Milton, Qld. This case study on Pacific Brands Case Study Analysis was written and submitted by user Madeline Albert to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Saturday, March 7, 2020

Hurrah for the Lowly BUG

Hurrah for the Lowly BUG Hurrah for the Lowly BUG Hurrah for the Lowly BUG By Maeve Maddox When I lived in England, my colleagues quickly taught me that I must say insect (not bug) unless I specifically meant bed-bug. In the U.S., bug applies to every conceivable type of insect. Bug also does duty as both noun and verb in many contextsand not only in the U.S. NOTE: When I pick up quotations from the web, I dont edit them. Police bugged a safe house where Rosemary West stayed before she was charged with murder but she said nothing that incriminated herself, Winchester Crown Court was told yesterday. Will Bennett in The Independent (UK) I dont think surround sound headphones is a gimmick or only for the hardcore gaming i recenlty brought a pair so i can watch a full hd movvie with surround wuthout bugging the neighbours when a car blows up at 3 in the morning. Australian Forum user A bug tracking system is a software application that is designed to help quality assurance and programmers keep track of reported software bugs in their work. It may be regarded as a sort of issue tracking system. Wikipedia The most important part of reporting a bug is giving the programmer the ability to duplicate the bug on his machine. If we cannot find a bug, we cannot fix it. tech advice site Someone needs to put a bug in Coach Gs ear about this guy comment on sports blog They say the spell that he gets under From double-barrelled thunder makes his Eyes bug out like hes insane song lyrics The word bug as applied to scary insects probably derives from M.E. bugge something frightening, scarecrow, a meaning obsolete except in bugbear. The bogey-man [boogy-man in my family] is related. The words application to insects may have been influenced by an Old English word meaning beetle. Bug as a Noun bug defect in a machine may have been coined by Thomas Edison. jitterbug a swing dance of the 1930s. Also used as a verb. humbug - trick, joke, hoax. Dates from 18th century student slang and no one says it anymore. However, if youve read or seen A Christmas Carol by Dickens, you know the word. Bug as a Verb The verb to bug, equip with a concealed recording device entered the language as long ago as 1919. debug remove defects from a machine or software to bug meaning to annoy dates from 1949. to bug meaning to bulge dates from 1870s and may derive from a variant pronunciation of the word bulge. bug off go away! 1950s; derived from British slang bugger off, Bug as a Suffix The suffix -bug added to a word can create a noun meaning a person obsessed with Firebug, a fire-setter dates from 1841. Shutterbug, picture-taking enthusiast, 1940. litterbug irresponsible person who drops trash anywhere first recorded 1947, but the verb littering came later, in 1960. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of PhrasesDisappointed + PrepositionWhat the heck are "learnings"?

Thursday, February 20, 2020

Organizational Behavior, can managers be overcommitted Surprisingly Essay

Organizational Behavior, can managers be overcommitted Surprisingly - Essay Example Usually, their next action is to issue another set of orders reinforced by penalties in case of further disobedience. Meanwhile, the discussion of the problems initiated often helps better and saves the nerves of both managers and their subordinates. Dick Spencer, the plant manager at Modrow from the case study obviously has faced the same problem as stated above. When ordering a foreman to bent the scrap strips instead of cutting them, he did not listen to contradictions of a foreman. Moreover, the agreement of a foreman was forced. Dick Spencer uses an authoritative leadership style, demanding obedience and being deaf to alternative opinions. Of course, this type of managerial behaviour pays well when a manager has a clear vision of the problem, and knows how to deal with it. Nevertheless, authoritative managers think they have a clear vision way to often compared to cases when they really have it. In this case, his management style failed him, as once again he saw workers cutting the strips, and therefore disobeying his orders. And for once more, he refused listening to the opinion of a foreman. No wonder, that his order was disobeyed for the third time. Let us imagine, how would another manager with different leadership style reacted to solve the problem. Bill Gates seems to be a proper candidate, as his managerial style is renowned for encouraging suggestions from all ranks and debate all ideas. His participative behaviour would lead to the discussion of the problem with the foreman, which is that cutting strips of scrap is less efficient and costs more than bending them. The contradictions of a foreman would have been listened, and compromises would have been reached. As can be seen, listening to foreman complaints and criticism seems to be not a bad idea in the end. Of course, it would have taken more time than assigning an order, but in this case the assignment would have been completed without further reminders more likely. Of course, the discussion may have turned into the other way: it is impossible to bend scrap strips for some reason of technological matter; - therefore no cost reduction can be expected in this activity. Still it would have brought the useful knowledge. Bob Eckert, a successful manager at Mattel can serve as a useful comparison of managerial styles. Like Dick Spencer, Eckert never changed his management principles. However, when reviewing the annual incentive plan at Mattel, he found that targets were set unrealistically high: employee bonuses were clearly unattainable. The dilemma he faced was: should he stick to his management principle of never altering targets once they had been set, or instead adjust them, make them attainable and perhaps win employee commitment Eckert has chosen the second way and won in the end: employers realised that he was on their side and re-doubled their commitment to the company's turnaround. (Eckert, 2001) Another aspect of Spencer's leadership style is his habit to roam the factory and listen to his employees. True, this gives a senior manager additional information about their organisation and shortens the distance between executives and workers. However, this characteristic does not go in line with manager's authoritative style of issuing orders. Workers may be clam because they do not interact with the top manager directly, but middle managers are very

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Decision on the New System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decision on the New System - Essay Example Specifically, HRMS encompass payroll, work time, administration of benefits, HR management system which covers the course from the employees' application to retirement, recruiting, and training. In consideration of how this new system will be installed in the business organization, it is imperative that it consider the cost and benefits of developing in-house versus outsourcing. In order to do so, we will look at the processes that the company will need to undertake in each alternative. For a decision to outsource, the company will simply search for a reliable company in the market which can supply it with an already existing system. The demand for HRMS has already generated manufacturers which gained expertise in building this system. In recognition of the differing needs of companies, these manufacturers also offer customizable systems to suit the preferences of their clients. Thus, it is possible for the company to find a supplier which will make possible the design of an HRMS which is specifically tailored for its needs. Haag and Cummings outline the major processes of software development within a company which include: project planning; feasibility study, and initiation stage; recruitments gathering and systems analysis; systems design; building; testing; installation, implementation or deployment; and maintenance.

Monday, January 27, 2020

Vargas Teaching Theory Analysis

Vargas Teaching Theory Analysis Question one What are your ideas of teaching? How does that compare with or contrast to Vargas perspective? Answer My ideas of teaching is to have a positive impact on my students in terms of their cognitive domain, affective domain and psychomotor domain. As a professional teacher, I understand that students have different learning styles and that is why my ideas of teaching and method of delivering instructions focuses on student center basically the 4Cs (collaboration, communication, critical thinking and creativity). I want students to have freedom of expression which gives room to open discussion and creativity. This boost their level of confidence and ability to express themselves out there any time. And finally, my Ideas of teaching is to challenge my students, watch them grow to their full potential, develop together for the betterment of everyone. Comparing my ideas of teaching with Vargas perspective, Vargas (2013) believes teaching is not just presenting to an empty class and we both have similar ideas on how teaching should be basically by knowing the students better, work on their behavior in every area and finally she doesnt think knowing the subject matter is a major factor on how students feel or perceive change in their attitude (p. 5). Which I totally I agree with her on this. Question two Briefly summarize Skinners perspective as it relates to behavior Answer Skinner, B.F. believed that the environment is a major determinant of behavior. Skinners perspective people have consistent behavior pattern because they have kinds of response tendencies (Vargas, 2013). He made a discover that most behavior is not the reaction to a stimulus that it depends upon its effect on the immediate environment. Vargas also stated in her book that Skinner believed that it was the consequences of individual actions and not antecedent stimulus that determined what the animals did. He called the behavior operant (p. 8). Question three What is your interpretation of Behavior Analysis? Support your answer with detail from the text. Answer My interpretation of behavior analysis is that it is a natural science that seeks to understand the behavior of individuals. Vargas (2013) explained that behavior analysis is a discipline based on the science first discovered by B.F. Skinner and the practices of operant conditioning have spread to all areas of behavior including animal training, business, clinical work, health and teaching. It is the science of behavior of humans and non-humans (p. 9). Question four How can the discussion What is a Cause (page 21), help the classroom teacher? Answer The discussion what is a cause will help the classroom teacher to focus on conditions or events on which an event or behavior depend on (Vargas, 2013). It will help teachers to learn and adopt strategies to improve behavior. Also what is a cause discussion on p. 21 will help teachers to know more about dependent and independent variables. With this, teachers will know more about the number of problems, assignment completed by the students. It will help them to sense what could be responsible for a behavior to identify functional relations between the behavior. And finally, the way the next generation behave will determine a countrys future more than any other resources within its borders (Vargas, 2013, p. 3). She believes teachers are expected to teach more while they receive more difficult students (p. 4). It is important to understand behavior of these students, it is very important to find the variables responsible for these behaviors. Vargas stated that Finding the causes becomes a search for functional relations among all the contingencies that occur in a setting (p. 22). This is exactly what is a cause discussion explained in details on page 21 of the text which will help the teachers a lot. Question five What new information did you find in chapter 2? Please explain. Answer The new information found in chapter 2 of the text behavior analysis for effective teaching is the functional relation which is a systematic relationship between dependent and independent variables. Independent variable explained as circular explanation or explanatory fiction which is a statement that has the form of an explanation, but in which the cause essentially restates the behavior to be explained while a mentalistics explanation relies on activities of a hypothesized mind to explain behavior (Vargas, 2013, pp. 22-23). Chapter 2 tries to explain more about Independent variables which buttress more points on behavior which can be circular or mentalistics. Question six What did you already know about Pavlov and his theory? After reading about Pavlov in chapter 3, what did you learn about his theory? Answer What I knew about Pavlov and his theory was that he was the one who discovered respondent conditioning and he believed that respondent behavior is controlled by a stimulus. But after reading about him from the text, I learnt that Pavlovs discovery was titled conditional reflexes instead of respondent conditioning (Vargas, 2013). The principle involves respondent behavior which occurs in response to a specific stimulus as part of a reflex. He believes reflexes consist of specific physiological reactions to a specific stimulus (pp. 8-9). What I learnt about his theory as a professional teacher is to be a good observer and a good researcher because it was due to his ability to research and observe that made him noticed something surprising about his dogs salivating before the food was put into their mouths. This is where his investigation began. As a teacher, we must research and observe what different behaviors of students must do with their learning. Question seven Define the Criticism Trap? Have you ever played a role in the criticism trap? Explain. Answer Vargas (2013) defined Criticism trap as a situation where criticizing a behavior you dislike or you wish to decrease seems to work because it temporarily decreases or stop the behavior, but criticizing it strengthens the behavior so that it occurs more frequently in the future. Yes, I had played a role. This happened to me and my wife with our little son at age 2. Anywhere we are going out, hes always excited to follow us but one thing he does is wearing his shoes or slippers the wrongly. After this, we will criticize him always for wearing his shoes wrongly, then he corrects himself and does it again and again. One day we realized criticizing him to correct him didnt work for him, so we adopted a method to correct him. Any time he wears his shoes wrongly, we will calmly correct him and once he does that, we tell him good boy or thats my boy and since then, he wears his shoes correctly and never wears them wrongly. What we learnt from the situation above is that we should praise imperfection and reward approximation the behavior we are looking for. And its working till now. Question eight How can teachers use the information found in chapter 3? Answer As a teacher, lets start from the criticism trap, we shouldnt criticize ourselves too much because in the long run, you will find yourself criticizing your students. We should learn to use praise frequently and use criticism relatively infrequently especially in the classroom. With these, we wont have problems with students. Another information here is punishment. Teachers must know the consequence of punishing a child because punishment has a bad effect on the punisher as well as on the recipients of the treatments (Vargas, 2013, p. 51). References Vargas, J.S. (2013). Behavior analysis for effective teaching (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.